Electronic (Paperless) Trading－Electronic Shipping Solutions: Bolero International Ltd, E-Title Authority Pte Ltd, Global Share S.A. (edoxOnline platform) and WAVE (The WAVE Network) This circular informs Members of the approval by the International Group of P&I Clubs (the Group) of WAVE.  Members may recall, as reported in our circular No.19-007 dated 14 June 2019, that until February 2010 the Rules of all of the Group Clubs specifically excluded liabilities in respect of the carriage of cargo under all electronic, i.e. paperless, trading systems to the extent that the liabilities under such systems would not have arisen under a ‘normal’ paper system i.e. one using transferable paper documentation.   From 20 February 2010 liabilities arising in respect of the carriage of cargo under such paperless trading systems were covered, provided that the system had first been approved by the Group. Since then the Group has approved electronic systems administered by Electronic Shipping Solutions, by Bolero International Ltd (more specifically the Rulebook/Operating procedures September 1999.), e-title TM solution, Global Share S.A. edoxOnline, and now WAVE has been added to the list of IG approved systems.   WAVE describes itself a distributed ledger network which uses blockchain technology to enable carriers, shippers, consignees, endorsees, banks, freight forwarders and other parties to issue, exchange and sign, a variety of supply chain encrypted documents with no need for a central server or registry. The system is supported by a legal framework that facilitates the transfer and endorsement of electronic bills of lading. While the system removes the need for a paper bill there is scope to revert to paper where it is necessary to do so. WAVE is the second system approved by the Group to use Blockchain technology. Further details can be found on the company’s website www.wavebl.com .   The legal documentation and terms of use associated with the use