Introduction The International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea 1996 ("HNS") has not yet entered into force. However it has the support of a number of states and an HNS Correspondence Group formed by the International Maritime Organisation ("IMO") is addressing a number of implementation issues and encouraging early entry into force. The Correspondence Group has also overseen the publication in November 2015 of a brochure "The HNS Convention – Why it is needed" which explains the purpose and benefit of the Convention. The Protocol to the Convention has so far been ratified by five states and in July 2019 the IMO reported that a number of other states had made significant progress so that further ratifications are anticipated. The target date for entry into force is 2022. The GHS pictograms for HNS labelling for an aquatic hazard, a toxic substance and flammable material.  Source: ITOPF   Background The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969 (the Civil Liability Convention or "CLC") entered into force over 40 years ago and established an international scheme for pollution damage caused by tankers carrying persistent oil. The 1969 Convention has now been superseded by the 1992 Civil Liability Convention but the basic structure has been retained. CLC is funded by shipowners and their insurers (P&I Clubs) and, in the rare cases where claims exceed the amount for which shipowners and insurers can limit liability under CLC, supplementary compensation is available which is paid for by the oil industry under the Fund Convention 1992 which is administered by the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund) which is based in London. The compulsory insurance regime in CLC has also provided the model for two other Conventions governing liability for oil pollution caused by ships bunkers (International Conventi