ECB makes a hawkish pivot at its March meeting in World Economy News 23/03/2026 Comments by European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde at the press conference gave today’s meeting a more hawkish tilt. Even if a rate hike is not imminent, the change in tone and language acknowledges more uncertainty and is meant to demonstrate the ECB’s willingness to act, if need be. The fact that the well-known ‘monitor closely’ or ‘closely monitoring’ is back is a clear signal that the ECB has shifted to higher alert. In the past, the term ‘monitor closely’ had always been a sign of high alertness; the time it was used was during the short-lived banking tensions in March 2023 and before in 2022. In the distant past, ‘monitor closely’ was followed by ‘vigilance’ in the run-up to rate hikes. Following the logic of institutional ECB language, today’s ‘closely monitoring’ combined with Lagarde’s statement that risks to the inflation outlook were tilted to the upside are both clear signals of increased alertness. New round of forecasts Just for the record – though clearly not really relevant for future policy decisions despite a later cut-off date than usual (March 11) – the latest round of ECB staff projections has GDP growth coming in at 0.9% in 2026, 1.3% in 2027 and 1.4% in 2028. Inflation is expected to come in at 2.6%, 2.0% and 2.1% over the next few years. In this base case scenario, ECB staff treats the current oil price shock mainly as a one-off – and one that would hardly necessitate a monetary policy reaction. However, in two alternative scenarios ECB staff prepared, the monetary policy reaction could be different as both scenarios worsen the stagflationary impact. In the adverse scenario, the impact on the economy would be temporary and part of the inflationary impacts unwind. Growth would be some 0.3ppt lower than the baseline in 2026 and 0.1ppt lower in 2027. Inflation would be 0.9ppt higher in 2026 but would come down quickly, pushing headline inflation 0.5ppt lower in 2028. In the severe scenario, energy prices would have a stronger and longer-lasting effect, reducing GDP growth by 0.5ppt and 0.4ppt in 2026 and 2027 respectively. The eurozone economy would be in a technical recession in the summer of 2026. Inflation would also be much higher, e.g., 3ppt higher than the baseline in 2027. Decoding the ECB’s reaction function We reflected on the ECB’s reaction function to oil price shocks and how it has changed over time here. During the press conference, Lagarde kept it vague, but reading between the lines suggested that the ECB is once again making a distinction between a supply-side and a demand-side shock. Stressing that the central bank would focus on commodity markets, potential supply bottlenecks, selling price expectations of firms, demand indicators and wage trackers, Lagarde gave the impression that the ECB would only start to react with rate hikes if and when higher energy prices and headline inflation would start to be passed through. This is probably the most important lesson from the 2022 period: not that the ECB was too late to react to an energy price shock, but that it was too late to identify and to react to supply-driven inflation broadening to a fully-fledged and broad inflation problem. On hold for now but rate hikes cannot be excluded Looking ahead, an inflation wave is clearly in the making, from the direct impact of higher gas and oil prices on gasoline prices or retail energy prices next winter, to knock-on effe